本文目录
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Beijing’s Famous Historical Pictures
Temple of Heaven
Within Beijing’s Tiantan Park is the Temple of Heaven, a “cult building“ symbolizing the relationship between heaven and earth, which has become one of China’s most famous and important temples. Ming and Qing dynasty emperors came to the Temple of Heaven twice each year to pray for good harvests.
The Temple of Heaven is enclosed behind the walled 667 acre Tiantan Park, to the south of the Forbidden City. The Temple of Heaven complex was declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1998.
Temple of Heaven - Looking North from the South Chengzhen Gate
Temple of Heaven Layout & Design
All of the structures in the temple complex are aligned on a north-south central axis, flanked by buildings to the east and west. The temple complex was constructed according to the dictates of feng shui, and in accordance with the ancient religious practices used in Nanjing, the historic capital of China.
The round northern section of the temple represents heaven, with the Qiniandian or “Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests“ and its three concentric circular roofs as the focal point. The ’Hall of Prayer’ temple sits atop a three-tiered marble balustrade decorated with dragon, phoenix, and cloud motifs.
The Huangqiongyu “Imperial Vault of Heaven,“ with the Qiniandian in the background
As with most Chinese temples and palaces, the emperor would always enter the Temple of Heaven complex from the southern-most Zhaoheng Gate.
Qiniandian “Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests“
The Qiniandian was originally constructed in 1420, during the reign of Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty. The original Qiniandian Hall of Prayer was made entirely of wood, destroyed by fire in 1889, and subsequently rebuilt. Post and beam construction was used in both versions, and all joints were mortised together without the use of fasteners or nails.
Eastern “Long Corridor“ entrance to the “Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests“
The “Long Corridor“ to the east of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests (photo, above) was used to carry slaughtered sacrificial animals from the “Divine Kitchen and Butcher House“ to the temple alter. The covered walkway was designed to protect the sacrifice from being “stained“ by the elements.
Qiniandian interior and plan drawings
Mathmatics and seasonal or celestial calculations play a major role in the design of the Qiniandian, with its roof of three concentric circles being supported by four massive wood columns that symbolize the four seasons. Other aspects of the building’s design equate to the twelve months of the year and twelve hours in a day.
Temple of Heaven - West Celestial Gate
South of the Qiniandian, through the Chengzhen Gate, is the Huangqiongyu or “Imperial Vault of Heaven.“ The Huangqiongyu was originally constructed in 1530, and rebuilt 1572. This area also contains the “Echo Wall“ and Triple Sound Stones, with their peculiar acoustical qualities.
Locals gather in the “Long Corridor“ to play music or games
Further to the south is the “Circular Mound Alter“ that is contained in a square area representing earth. This alter was built in 1530 by Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty. The Circular Mound Alter was used to worship heaven each year on the winter solstice.
The “Hall of Prayer“ balustrade - Looking south towards the Imperial Vault of Heaven
During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the Temple of Heaven complex was refurbished and enlarged to make it more pure and holy than before.
Temple of Heaven - Looking West at Sunset
The Summer Palace
Beijing’s Yihe Yuan ’Summer Palace’
The Summer Palace (aka Yihe Yuan or “Garden of Clear Ripples“), originally constructed in 1750, was built by Emperor Qianlong to celebrate his mother’s birthday. During subsequent regimes the palace was used as a “pleasure garden“ to escape the summer heat in Beijing.
The Summer Palace is located northwest of Beijing, around the man-made Kunming Lake. The lake covers approximately three-quarters of the 290 hectare Palace grounds. There are three man-made islands on the lake that are meant to imitate the three celestial islands of the East China Sea.
Foxiang Ge ’Tower of the Fragrance of the Buddha’ atop Longevity Hill on Kunming Lake
Kunming Lake’s causeway was designed to emulate the West Lake “Su causeway“ in Hangzhou The “Seventeen Arch Bridge“ to the south-east of Kunming Lake links the “East Dyke“ with South Lake Island.
Longevity Hill
The Foxiang Ge Tower, also known as the “Tower of Buddhist Incense,“ or “Tower of the Fragrance of the Buddha“ is one of the most recognizable temples in China, and is a symbol of dynastic power in ancient China. The tower sits atop Longevity Hill, where the first “Gold Mountain Palace“ was built by Emperor Wanyan Liang during the Jin Dynasty (1115 to 1234).
Stairway to the Foxiang Ge Tower
During the Yuan Dynasty (1271 to 1368), Longevity Hill was renamed Weng Shan, meaning “Jug Hill,“ for a jug filled with gold that was supposedly found on the hill.
View of the ’Revolving Archives’
The Empress Dowager Cixi, aka “Dragon Lady“
In 1886, the Summer Palace was extensively remodeled and improved under the reign of the infamous Dragon Lady, also known as the Empress Dowager Cixi (1835 to 1908), who was the de-facto ruler of China (the “power behind the throne,“ “screen“ or “curtain“) during the Manchu Qing Dynasty (1644 to 1911).
View of Kunming Lake and the ’Seventeen Arch Bridge’ from Foxiang Ge Tower - Zoom
Cixi was buried at the Eastern Qing Tombs in Hebei Province, east of Beijing. As was customary for the times, a giant Pearl the size of a “robin’s egg“ was placed in the Empress Dowager’s mouth to protect her corpse from decomposition. In 1928 her tomb was ransacked by Sun Dianying, a Kuomintang warlord. Cixi’s body was desecrated, and it is rumored that some of her stolen jewels and her crown were given to Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek who gifted them to his wife, Soong May-ling.
The “Long Corridor“
The 728 meter “Long Corridor“ runs along the shore of Kunming Lake, from Foxiang Ge Tower to the Marble Boat. With its 14,000 ceiling paintings, the Long Corridor is considered one of the longest painted galleries in the world.
The 728 meter ’Long Corridor’ and one of its 14,000 ceiling paintings
In 1750, the Long Corridor was added to the Summer Palace by Emperor Qianlong so that his mother could enjoy the gardens without fear of the elements.
Long Corridor ceiling paintings
Marble Boat
The Summer Palace’s “Marble Boat,“ also known as the “Clear and Peaceful Boat“ was built in 1755 as a symbol of stability for the empire of the Qing Dynasty. The boat was built with the idea that “Water can carry a boat, and it can capsize a boat,“ meaning that the Qing empire would never be toppled.
The Marble Boat
Both the Summer Palace and the Old Summer Palace (Yuan Ming Yuan), which was known as the “Gardens of Perfect Brightness,“ were destroyed during the Anglo-French invasion in 1860.
Rebuilding Yihe Yuan
The palace was rebuilt in 1886, and in 1888 the Summer Palace was renamed Yihe Yuan, meaning “Garden of Nurtured Harmony.“ Unfortunately, the harmony did not last long, and the palace suffered another devastating attack during “Boxer Rebellion“ in 1900. Yihe Yuan was again rebuilt in 1902.
The 41 meter high Foxiang Ge Tower
Water Calligraphy (left) Bridge of Banana Plant (right)
View of Yu Quan Hill and the Yu Feng Pagoda (center of photo)
The Summer Palace was added to UNESCO’s list of World Heritage Sites in 1998.
Dingling Ming Tombs
Beijing’s Dingling Ming Tombs
The Ming Tombs are located sixty kilometers northwest of Beijing in the Tianshou Mountains, near one of the restored sections of the Great Wall. Dingling is the burial grounds for thirteen of sixteen Ming Emperors spanning the 15th and 16th century.
The entire Ming necropolis covers over 40 acres, and is approached via the ’Sacred Way,’ which is a long colonnade lined with stone statuary of animals and dignitaries.
Dingling Tomb - Looking at the ’Hall of Eminent Favour’
Zhu Di, known as the third Ming Emperor or the Yongle Emperor, was the first Ming Emperor to be buried at the Dingling in 1424. Zhu Di’s mausoleum is called the Changling.
The necropolis is also the final resting place for several of the Zhu Di’s concubines and Empresses, some of which were buried alive to accompany the Emperor on his journey into the afterlife. The practice of entombing living concubines was abolished during the reign of the Zhengtong Emperor in the mid 1400s.
Dingling’s Main Hall (left), Chang-Ling Tomb (right)
Zhu Di, the emperor responsible for building the Forbidden City occupies the largest mausoleum at the necropolis, which took 18 years to complete.
The nephew of Zhu Di was the second Ming Emperor, but after fleeing from the empire, he was never heard from again. There is no official record of his final resting place.
The ’Soul Tower’ of Dingling (left)
The Dingling necropolis was completed in 1581, before the death of the Wanli Emperor, and thirteenth Ming ruler, Zhu Yijun. To commemorate its completion, Zhu Yijun held a feast at the complex to celebrate his upcoming internment.
Excavation of the Dingling Mausoleum
The only tomb to have been excavated at the necropolis was Dingling, or the ’Tomb of Certainty,’ which was occupied by Zhu Yijun, who died in 1619. His tomb was uncovered in in 1956, after the discovery of a stone tablet with instructions to the location of the tomb.
The Ming Emperor Zhu Yijun’s Crown
Although he ruled for over 40 years, Zhu Yijun was considered one of the most inept and/or corrupt emperors of the Ming Dynasty.
Dingling Ming Tomb Jewelry Collection
Zhu Yijun was originally entombed with his one and only Empress. Later, one of his concubines, Xiaojing, was elevated to Empress posthumously by her grandson and re-buried with the Emperor.
The first Ming Dynasty Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang, was not buried at Dingling, but in Nanjing. There are three tombs which are opened to the public: the Wanli Emperor’s tomb Dingling, the Yongle Emperor tomb, Changling, and the Longqing Emperor’s tomb, Zhaoling.
Zhaoling belonged to the 12th Ming Emperor, Zhu Daicheng, who was buried in 1572 with three of his Empresses. Zhu Daicheng, who was known as the Longqing Emperor, reigned for only six years. The Zhaoling mausoleum was the first tomb to be fully restored to its original condition.
Lama Temple
Beijing’s Yonghe Gong ’Lama Temple’
The Lama Temple, also known as the Yonghe Gong Palace, Palace of Peace and Harmony or Yong Hegong Lamasery, was constructed during the Qing Dynasty in 1694. The palace was the home of Prince Yin Zhen, who was a son of Qing Dynasty Emperor Kang Xi.
The Yonghe Gong Lama Temple is located in the Dongcheng District, off of Yanghegong Street east of the Gulou Hutongs. During the off-hours, the temple has a serene atmosphere, with the smell of incense permeating through the air and the distant sound of monks chanting.
北京都有哪些名胜古迹
故宫、颐和园、八达岭长城、十三陵、天安门、北海、天坛 、雍和宫、八大处、法源寺(佛教)、天宁寺塔、八里庄塔、银山塔林、东岳庙、历代帝王庙、白塔寺、
牛街礼拜寺、花市清真寺、五塔寺、崇效寺藏经阁、香山碧云寺、法海寺、广济寺、白云观、 佛教的法源寺、潭柘寺、戒台寺、云居寺、报国寺、八大处、道教的白云观、东岳庙等。
伊斯兰教的北京牛街礼拜寺、东直门外清真寺、东四清真寺等。
藏传佛教（喇嘛教）的雍和宫等，
天主教西什库天主堂、王府井天主堂、宣武门天主堂、西直门天主堂等。
基督教的缸瓦市教堂、崇文门教堂、珠市口教堂、海淀教堂等。
东正教：圣尼古拉教堂（遗迹）
先农坛、地坛、日坛、月坛、社稷坛、太庙、孔庙、国子监、圆明园遗址、香山、景泰陵、景山
正阳门城门及箭楼、德胜门箭楼、东南角楼、崇文门明城墙遗址、西便门八瞪眼箭楼
鲁迅故居、谭嗣同故居、李大钊故居、齐白石故居、张恨水故居、李鸿章故居、老舍故居、梅兰芳故居、
宋庆龄故居、郭沫若故居
恭王府、礼王府、郑王府、醇王府、孚王府
西什库教堂、王府井八面槽教堂、西直门教堂、宣武门教堂
砖塔胡同、三庙街、老墙根街（这是三条最老的胡同，有近1000年的历史）
湖广会馆、全浙会馆、番禺会馆、中山会馆
司马台长城、金山岭长城、黄花城长城、大榛峪长城、白岭关长城、黄松峪长城、居庸关长城、慕田峪长城、
箭扣长城、三峪长城
指北京旧时的八个景观，包括蓟门烟树（西土城）、卢沟晓月（卢沟桥）、
金台夕照（金台路）、琼岛春荫（北海公园）、居庸叠翠（八达岭）、太液秋风（中南海）、
玉泉趵突（玉泉山）和西山晴雪（香山、八大处）。
中国国家大剧院、长安大戏院、湖广会馆、老舍茶馆、中国京剧院、梅兰芳大剧院、保利剧院等
后海、三里屯、南锣鼓巷酒吧街
国子监街、烟袋斜街
密云县古北口镇
门头沟区: 斋堂镇爨底下村、斋堂镇灵水村、龙泉镇琉璃渠村
北京有哪些名胜古迹
天坛公园 明十三陵
颐和园 北京海洋馆
八达岭长城 北海-景山公园
中华民族园 中国科学技术馆
北京动物园 北京植物园
北京市等级景点：
北京香山公园 北京世界公园
北京房山云居寺 北京八大处公园
北京石景山乐园 陶然亭公园
北京慕田峪长城 雁栖湖旅游区
九龙游乐园 居庸关长城风景区
石花洞风景区 北京红螺寺旅游度假区
北京玉渊潭公园 北京湖景水上乐园
北京青龙峡景区 北京韩村河旅游景村
西山大觉寺 海定区凤凰岭自然风景区
房山青龙湖水上乐园 密云桃源仙谷风景名胜区
房山区银狐洞风景区 上方山国家森林公园怀
鹫峰森林公园 海淀区百望山森林公园
松山森林旅游区 柔幽谷神潭自然风景区
宋庆龄故居 延庆康西草原
房山仙栖洞景区 怀柔生存岛旅游基地
北京乡村高尔夫俱乐部 春晖温泉度假村
古崖居风景名胜旅游中心 恭王府花园
八达岭残长城自然风景区 云蒙山森林公园
密云云岫谷游猎自然风景区 徐悲鸿纪念馆
门头沟灵山自然风景区 门头沟百花山自然风景区
门头沟珍珠湖风景区 门头沟小龙门风景区
密云白龙潭自然风景区 密云清凉谷自然风景区
怀柔百泉山自然风景区 平谷老象峰旅游景区
北京莲花池公园 丰台万方亭公园
丰台鹰山森林公园 中国印刷博物馆
北京石京龙滑雪场 怀柔响水湖自然风景区
怀柔神堂峪自然风景区 平谷湖洞水自然风景区
石景山妇女儿童活动中心 石景山希望公园
北京国子监 北京大葆台汉墓
中国古代建筑博物馆
西周燕都遗址博物馆 中国蜜蜂博物馆
焦庄户地道战遗址纪念馆 将军坨风景区
门头沟爨底下村景区 门头沟龙门涧风景区
北京云峰山自然风景区 昌平虎峪自然风景区
昌平堆臼峪自然风景区
北京有哪些风景名胜
1、天安门广场
天安门广场，位于北京市中心，地处北京市东城区东长安街，北起天安门，南至正阳门，东起中国国家博物馆，西至人民大会堂，南北长880米，东西宽500米，面积达44万平方米，可容纳100万人举行盛大集会，是世界上最大的城市广场。
2、故宫
北京故宫是中国明清两代的皇家宫殿，旧称为紫禁城，位于北京中轴线的中心，是中国古代宫廷建筑之精华。北京故宫以三大殿为中心，占地面积72万平方米，建筑面积约15万平方米，有大小宫殿七十多座，房屋九千余间。是世界上现存规模最大、保存最为完整的木质结构古建筑之一。
3、八达岭长城
八达岭长城，位于北京市延庆区军都山关沟古道北口。是中国古代伟大的防御工程万里长城的重要组成部分，是明长城的一个隘口。八达岭长城为居庸关的重要前哨，古称“居庸之险不在关而在八达岭”。
4、颐和园
颐和园，中国清朝时期皇家园林，前身为清漪园，坐落在北京西郊，距城区十五公里，占地约二百九十公顷，与圆明园毗邻。它是以昆明湖、万寿山为基址，以杭州西湖为蓝本，汲取江南园林的设计手法而建成的一座大型山水园林，也是保存最完整的一座皇家行宫御苑，被誉为“皇家园林博物馆”，也是国家重点旅游景点。
5、 香山公园
香山公园位于北京西郊，地势险峻，苍翠连绵，占地188公顷，是一座具有山林特色的皇家园林，始建于金大定二十六年，距今已有近900年的历史，早在元、明、清时，皇家就在香山营建离宫别院，每逢夏秋时节皇帝都要到此狩猎纳凉。
6、雍和宫
雍和宫（The Lama Temple）位于北京市区东北角，清康熙三十三年（1694年）， 康熙帝在此建造 府邸、赐予四子 雍亲王，称 雍亲王府。雍正三年（1725年），改王府为 行宫，称雍和宫。
