本文目录
苏格拉底的资料或简介
古希腊著名哲学家苏格拉底 Socrates （希腊文：∑ωκράτης (c. 469BC - 399BC)）。出身于雅典城不远的一个石匠兼雕刻匠家庭，曾经自幼随父学艺，后来，当过兵，曾经三次参战。大约在40岁左右苏格拉底出了名，并进人五百人会议。大约公元前399年，苏格拉底因“不敬国家所奉的神，并且宣传其他的新神，败坏青年”的罪名被判有死罪。在收监期间，他的朋友买通了狱卒，劝他逃走，但他决心服从国家的法律，拒
不逃走。后来在狱中服毒受死终年7O岁。苏格拉底一生没有留下任何文字性的著作，但他的影响却非常巨大。苏格拉底的学说具有神秘主义色彩，他认为天上和地上的事物，它们的生存和毁灭，都是神特意安排的，因此研究自然界是渎神的，所以他本人集中精力研究论理道德问题。苏格拉底倡导“知德合一”学说，他认为正确的行为来自正确的思想，美德基于知识，源于知识，没有知识便不能为善，也不会有真正的幸福。他认为，从怀疑自己的知识开始的自我认识是认识美德的来源。他常常爱说“我知道我一无所知”。但是，在肯定理性认识的同时，他却否定感性认识的作用。苏格拉底在研究学问上有他自己的新方法，他通过问答的形式使对方纠正、放弃原来的错误观念并帮助他产生新思想。他善于从个别的东西中抽象出普遍的东西，他这种应用辩证方法证明真理的方法是具体的，具有一定的相对性，对欧洲的思想史有着极大的影响。在政治上，苏格拉底主张各行各业乃至国家政权都应该由经过训练，有知识有才干的人来管理，反对以抽签选举法实行的民主。
苏格拉底的英文简介
Socrates。 469 BC–399 BC， was a Cla ssical Greek philosopher. Credited as on e of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly t hrough the accounts of later classical w riters, especially the writings of his stud ents Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Man y would claim that Plato’s dialogues are the most comprehensive accounts of S ocrates to survive from antiquity. Yet, t he ’real’ Socrates, like many of the other Ancient philosophers, remains at best e nigmatic and a t worst unknown.
苏格拉底英文资料
Socrates
(469-399 B.C.E.)
In his use of critical reasoning, by his unwavering commitment to truth, and through the vivid example of his own life, fifth-century Athenian Socrates set the standard for all subsequent Western philosophy. Since he left no literary legacy of his own, we are dependent upon contemporary writers like Aristophanes and Xenophon for our information about his life and work. As a pupil of Archelaus during his youth, Socrates showed a great deal of interest in the scientific theories of Anaxagoras, but he later abandoned inquiries into the physical world for a dedicated investigation of the development of moral character. Having served with some distinction as a soldier at Delium and Amphipolis during the Peloponnesian War, Socrates dabbled in the political turmoil that consumed Athens after the War, then retired from active life to work as a stonemason and to raise his children with his wife, Xanthippe. After inheriting a modest fortune from his father, the sculptor Sophroniscus, Socrates used his marginal financial independence as an opportunity to give full-time attention to inventing the practice of philosophical dialogue.
For the rest of his life, Socrates devoted himself to free-wheeling discussion with the aristocratic young citizens of Athens, insistently questioning their unwarranted confidence in the truth of popular opinions, even though he often offered them no clear alternative teaching. Unlike the professional Sophists of the time, Socrates pointedly declined to accept payment for his work with students, but despite (or, perhaps, because) of this lofty disdain for material success, many of them were fanatically loyal to him. Their parents, however, were often displeased with his influence on their offspring, and his earlier association with opponents of the democratic regime had already made him a controversial political figure. Although the amnesty of 405 forestalled direct prosecution for his political activities, an Athenian jury found other charges—corrupting the youth and interfering with the religion of the city—upon which to convict Socrates, and they sentenced him to death in 399 B.C.E. Accepting this outcome with remarkable grace, Socrates drank hemlock and died in the company of his friends and disciples.
Our best sources of information about Socrates’s philosophical views are the early dialogues of his student Plato, who attempted there to provide a faithful picture of the methods and teachings of the master. (Although Socrates also appears as a character in the later dialogues of Plato, these writings more often express philosophical positions Plato himself developed long after Socrates’s death.) In the Socratic dialogues, his extended conversations with students, statesmen, and friends invariably aim at understanding and achieving virtue {Gk. areth } through the careful application of a dialectical method that employs critical inquiry to undermine the plausibility of widely-held doctrines. Destroying the illusion that we already comprehend the world perfectly and honestly accepting the fact of our own ignorance, Socrates believed, are vital steps toward our acquisition of genuine knowledge, by discovering universal definitions of the key concepts governing human life.
Interacting with an arrogantly confident young man in Euqufrwn (Euthyphro), for example, Socrates systematically refutes the superficial notion of piety (moral rectitude) as doing whatever is pleasing to the gods. Efforts to define morality by reference to any external authority, he argued, inevitably founder in a significant logical dilemma about the origin of the good. Plato’s Apologhma (Apology) is an account of Socrates’s (unsuccessful) speech in his own defense before the Athenian jury; it includes a detailed description of the motives and goals of philosophical activity as he practiced it, together with a passionate declaration of its value for life. The Kritwn (Crito) reports that during Socrates’s imprisonment he responded to friendly efforts to secure his escape by seriously debating whether or not it would be right for him to do so. He concludes to the contrary that an individual citizen—even when the victim of unjust treatment—can never be justified in refusing to obey the laws of the state.
The Socrates of the Menwn (Meno) tries to determine whether or not virtue can be taught, and this naturally leads to a careful investigation of the nature of virtue itself. Although his direct answer is that virtue is unteachable, Socrates does propose the doctrine of recollection to explain why we nevertheless are in possession of significant knowledge about such matters. Most remarkably, Socrates argues here that knowledge and virtue are so closely related that no human agent ever knowingly does evil: we all invariably do what we believe to be best. Improper conduct, then, can only be a product of our ignorance rather than a symptom of weakness of the will {Gk. akrasia }. The same view is also defended in the PrwtagoraV (Protagoras), along with the belief that all of the virtues must be cultivated together.
