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定语从句有哪些
如下:
1、The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。
2、Such people as were mentioned by him were honest.被他提到的这样的人是诚实的。
3、Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。
4、The coat(that)I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。
5、The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。
在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
定语从句的分类:
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。
1、限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去。例如:
Any man that/who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。
2、非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。例如:
The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的.
注意:非限定性定语从句中不能使用关系代词that。
什么叫定语从句
定语从句也称关系从句、形容词性从句,是指一类由关系词(英语:relativeword)引导的从句,因为这类从句的句法功能多是做定语,所以曾被称为定语从句(英语:attributiveclause)。这类从句除了可以做定语之外,还可以充当状语等其他成分,所以现代语言学多使用“关系从句”这一术语。
在英语中,定语从句主要通过关系代名词法构成。
在英语中,关系从句通常位于它所修饰的词(组)之后。被关系从句修饰的词(组)叫做先行词(英语:antecedent),引导关系从句的词称为关系词,关系词指代先行词并在关系从句中充当一定的成分。例如:
Thisisthebookwhichinterestsme.(“whichinterestsme”是关系从句,修饰先行词“book”,而关系词“which”指代先行词“book”并在关系子句中充当主语。这句话可以拆分为两个句子来理解:“Thisisthebook.”和“Thebookinterestsme.”)
定语从句的用法
有关定语从句的用法:
一、定义
用来修饰句子中的名词或代词或其短语的从句,就叫做定语从句。其实,就是拿句子来做名词、代词或是其短语的定语。如:
It’s a book.
I bought the book yesterday.
以上两句话中,都有book一词,所以可以用定语从句把两句话连起来。即:
It’s the book that I bought yesterday.
这句话中that引导的I bought yesterday就是一个定语从句,用来修饰the book。
二、两个概念
要想学好定语从句,得先弄清楚两个基本概念,即:先行词和关系词。
(一)先行词
所谓先行词,就是指定语从句所修饰的成分。这个名称倒是挺形象的,为什么?因为先行词永远出现在定语从句的前面,总是先走一步的,呵呵!
(二)关系词
所谓关系词,就是指用来连接定语从句的词语。关系词可以分为关系代词和关系副词。需要注意的是,关系代词或关系副词都要在从句中充当成分的,所以是不可或缺的’,尽管当关系代词在从句中作宾语时,经常可以省略(本文会继续讲到这个情况)。
我们在来看一下在第一节里出现的句子:
It’s the book that I bought yesterday.
句中的the book就是先行词,被后面的从句I bought yesterday所修饰。而that就是关系代词,用来连接I bought yesterday,同时又在从句作bought的宾语,而且可以省略。
定语从句的学习,其实就是有关根据先行词的特点选择合适的关系词的学习。
三、分类
按照定语从句与先行词的关系紧密与否,可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
(一)限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句对先行词起着修饰限定作用,是不可或缺的。如:
These are the apples that/which they sent us two days ago.
(二)非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句对先行词起着补充说明作用,可要可不要。非限定性定语从句都会被逗号与先行词隔开。如:
They have to walk to the South Pole, which is out of a plane’s reach.
【注意】
1、当先行词具有唯一性的时候,就只能采用非限定性定语从句,否则就会产生歧义或误解。如:
限定性定语从句:His wife who is now in Paris is one of my old classmates.
非限定性定语从句:His wife, who is now in Paris, is one of my old classmates.
因为限定性定语从句对先行词起着修饰限定作用,所以具有特指功能,所以第一句中的限定性定语从句意味着是特指他在巴黎的妻子,其潜台词就是他不只一个妻子,也许在上海或者在纽约等其他地方还有妻子。
而非限定性定语从句只对先行词起着补充说明作用,没有特指功能,所以第二句中的非限定性定语从句只是用来补充说明他的妻子现在人在巴黎这个事实。
2、that和why不能用来引导非限定性定语从句
that不能用来连接非限定性定语从句,具体的请看下一节的内容。
而why因为总是紧跟先行词reason,所以也不能用于引导非限定性定语从句。如:
That’s the reason why he was late for school this morning.
在reason和why之间,不能插入逗号。
四、关系代词
英语里能够用来连接定语从句的关系代词主要有:
that:表人或物
which:表物
who:表人(主格或宾格)
whom:表人(宾格)
whose:表人或物(所有格)
that引导的定语从句
that引导定语从句时,其先行词既可能是人,也可能是物。如:
This is the photo that I took during the trip in France.
He is the man that will visit our school next week.
【注意】
1、当that的先行词表物时,可以用which来替换。此外,当that在从句中作宾语时,可以省略。如:
This is the photo that/which I took during the trip in France.
This is the photo I took during the trip in France.
句中的先行词the photo在从句I took during the trip in France中作took的宾语,所以可以省略。
2、不能用that的情况
1)当定语从句以介词开头时,一般不用that,而要用which或whom。如:
This is the pet dog for which I paid five hundred pounds.
She is the girl to whom I talked just now.
两句话的定语从句分别以介词for和to开头,所以后面不能再用that,而要采用which和whom。
2)当先行词是that时,往往用which来替换。如:
We have that which we need.
此时,that which往往可以用what来替换,因此我们可以把上面的句子改为:
We have what we need.
3)在非限定性定语从句中。如:
错误:His aunt, that is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.
正确:His aunt, who is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.
3、只能用that的情况
1)当先行词为everything、all,little、much等不定代词时。如:
All that glitters is not gold.
2)当先行词被all、every、no、any、some、little、much、one修饰时。如:
Don’t waste any water that is reusable.
3)当先行词被the only、the very、the same、the last修饰时。如:
They are the only students that will attend the meeting.
4)当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如:
This is the first time that I have ever heard about a ghost.
5)当先行词是be的表语或there be 的主语时。如:
There are five pens that will be on display tomorrow.
6)当先行词有人又有物时。如:
We don’t like the teacher and his lessons that are not interesting at all.
7)当主句是以who或which及其-ever结构开头的特殊疑问句时。如:
Whoever that breaks the law will be punished.
4、多用who、不用that的情况
1)当先行词为anyone、one、ones时。如:
He is the one who will teach us English.
2)当先行词为those、he和people时。如:
Those who want to ask questions need to write them down first.
定语从句的用法归纳总结
如下:
一、定于从句:定语从句是指用一个完整的句子做定语去修饰限定前面的名词或者代词,它属于后置定语。
1、限制性定语从句不用逗号与主句隔开。
例:I have a sister who is a doctor.(限制性定语从句)我有一个当医生的姐姐。
2、非限制性定语从句需使用逗号和主句隔开。
例:I have a sister, who is a doctor.(非限制性定语从句)我有一个姐姐,她是当医生的。
二、定语从句的关系词。
引导定语从句的关系词分为:关系代词和关系副词。
常见的关系代词有:who, that,whom, whose, which等;在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。
常见的关系副词有:where,when,why等;在从句中作状语。
三、定语从句中关系代词的用法。
1、当先行词是人时:关系代词who和that既可以做主语,又可以作宾语,而且作宾语时可以省略。
例如:Do you know the girl who/that often comes here?(作主语)
2、其中whom只作宾语。
例如:The girl who/that/whom I spoke to is my daughter.(作宾语)
3、当先行词是物时:关系代词which和that既可以做主语,又可以作宾语,而且作宾语时可以省略。
例如:The building which/that stands near the train station is a supermarket.(作主语)
4、whose既可以指人,也可以指物;that既可以指人,也可以指物。
例如:The book which/that you bought for me is very interesting.(作宾语)
5、whose既可以指人,也可以指物;在从句中作定语,形式为“whose+名词”表所属关系,即谁的。
例如:Do you know the singer whose name is Wang feng?
I live in a house whose windows face south.
四、定于从句中只用which不用that的情况:
(1)which引导非限制性定语从句,that则不能。
He had failed in the maths exam,which made his father very angry.
(2)在介词提前的定语从句中,只用which不用that。
This is the place in which Lu Xun used to live.
先行词本身是that时,只能用which。
What’s that which flashed in the sky just now?
五、关系副词引导的定语从句。
1、when指时间在定语从句中作时间状语也可做连接词用。
I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
2、where指地点在定语从句中作地点状语。
Shanghai is the city where I was born.
3、why指原因在定语从句中作原因状语,用在reason后面。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
定语从句是什么
定语从句,就是用来修饰名词或代词的句子,起到定语的作用,所以叫做 定语从句。 定义 被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况,它需要放在被修饰的词(即先行词)之后。定语从句一般由 关系代词来引导。关系代词必须放在定语从句之首。定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下: Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语) 2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如: They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3)which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如: A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作主语) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语) 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。 1)when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which“结构,因此常常和“介词+ which“结构交替使用,例如: There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗? 2)that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which“引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如: His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。 例如: This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. I’ll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错(注:先显示题,再显示答案,横线;用不同的颜色表示 出。) (错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year. (错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. (对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. (对) I’ll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
什么是定语从句
定语从句,一个简单句跟在一名词或代词后(先行词)进行修饰限定,就叫做定语从句。在主句中充当定语成分。被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况,它通常只能放在被修饰的词(即先行词)之后。
定语 从句由关系词(关系代词、关系副词)引导,关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句首。
扩展资料:
从句结构
定语从句公式:定语从句=先行词+关系词+从句
先行词:指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词或句子。一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。
关系词:关系词常有3个作用:
①连接作用,连接主句和定语从句。
②指代先行词。
③在定语从句中担当成分。